For the sake of understanding sentence structure (+ type), words can be divided into different word classes including: verbs, nouns, adverbs, adjectives and pronouns (there's also determiners, conjunctions and prepositions but for efficiency I'm covering the main ones).
Firstly, at their most basic, verbs are an action or 'doing-word'. They tell you what is happening, what is going is happen or what has happened; and what something is doing, is going to do or has done- depending on tense.
Main Types of Verb:
You're probably most familiar with Action verbs, which broadly describe a clear, specific action, that can be, but doesn't necessarily have to be, physical. E.g. 'go', 'smile', 'accept'.
In this sense physical and mental verbs could be seen as kind of actions verbs:
Physical verbs describe physical action or activity. E.g. 'run', 'hear', 'stand'.
And Mental verbs describe non-physical action, like thoughts that can't be proven physically. E.g. 'believe', 'know', 'recognise'.
Next, States of Being verbs describe conditions of relative inactivity, with no direct action performed. E.g. 'am', 'are', 'is'.
Phrasal verbs are a combination of words that take on a different meaning when used separately. E.g. 'go all out', 'bring up'.
Auxiliary verbs give context and condition to the main verb. E.g. 'should', 'could', 'do', 'may', 'did'. Modal verbs are a type of auxiliary verb used to express limitations to a verb. E.g. 'can', 'must'.
Irregular verbs don't change from past simple to past participle, like most verbs. E.g. 'eat', 'bring', 'catch'.
Next, nouns are as names of places, people or things.
Main Noun Types:
On one hand, Common nouns referring to places, people or things generally/non-specifically. E.g. 'boy', 'city', 'day'. On the other hand, Proper nouns identify particular/more specific places, people or things, and begin with an upper case character. E.g. 'Tim', 'London', 'Tuesday'.
Whereas, Concrete nouns describe things that physically exist and can be seen (E.g. 'cat', 'forest'), Abstract nouns describe things that don't physically exist, as subjective concepts, and can't be seen (E.g. 'friendship', 'truth', 'happiness').
Collective nouns are for groups (E.g. 'audience', 'Government'). With Count and mass nouns as kinds of collective noun. On one hand, Count nouns refer to something that can be quantified easily (E.g. 'dog', 'chair') and on the other hand, Mass nouns are usually uncountable/not quantified easily, but usually not used in plural form (E.g. 'Water', 'rice').
A noun can be:
Common (non-specific) or Proper (more specific);
Concrete (observable) or Abstract (conceptual).
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